A widely used class of medications taken for acid reflux and heartburn may be associated with an increased risk of dementia when used over long periods, according to research examining proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).
The drugs—including omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole—are commonly prescribed to reduce stomach acid and are often taken daily by millions of people worldwide. While generally considered safe for short-term use, earlier studies have raised questions about potential risks linked to prolonged use.
One study published in recent years analyzed health data from thousands of adults aged 45 to 64 who did not have dementia at the start of the research. Over time, researchers observed that long-term users of PPIs were more likely to develop dementia compared to those who did not use the medications, even after adjusting for factors such as age and existing health conditions.
Experts involved in the research emphasized that the findings show an association rather than a proven cause-and-effect relationship. They noted that further studies are needed to better understand whether the medications themselves contribute to cognitive decline or whether other underlying health factors may explain the link.
Researchers have suggested several possible explanations, including potential effects on vitamin B12 levels, which are important for brain function, and theoretical impacts on proteins in the brain associated with Alzheimer’s disease. However, these mechanisms remain unconfirmed.
Medical professionals stress that patients should not stop taking prescribed medications without consulting a doctor, as untreated acid reflux can also carry health risks. They recommend discussing any concerns with a healthcare provider, who can help determine the safest and most appropriate treatment options for long-term care.
